As electric vehicles (EVs) continue to transform the automotive and mobility landscape globally, their core enabling component—the battery—has drawn intense focus. However, ensuring the safety, performance, and durability of these high-energy storage systems relies not just on advanced chemistry or mechanical design, but critically on the electronic system that controls them: the Battery Management System (BMS). A BMS is the central nervous system of a battery pack. Its role is to monitor, manage, and protect the battery throughout its operational life. With battery technology evolving rapidly and deployment expanding across diverse applications—from personal electric mobility and commercial fleets to energy storage systems—the importance of robust, intelligent BMS design has never been greater. The Technical Function of BMS At its core, a Battery Management System is responsible for maintaining optimal battery function under all operating conditions. This includes tracking the state-o